August 13, 3114 BCE
- The Mayan calendar begins. [5]
About 3000 BCE
- Egyptian pyramid of Cheops at Gizeh near Cairo includes a tablet recording mythical explanation of extra five days added to Egyptian calendar of 360 days. Thoth, god of night, gambled with the moon, winning five new days to add to the calendar, outside the jurisdiction of Ra, the god of creation. [80.30]
About 2300 BCE
- Emperor Yao of China invents an elaborate game with hundreds of pieces, in which spectators bet on the outcome played by two opponents. [80.31]
June 16, 1686 BCE
- Hammurabi the Great dies in Babylon. [1]
About 1500 BCE
- In India, betting herds of cattle on chariot racing and dice games are the chief amusements of the people. [80.33]
May 15, 1479 BCE
- Pharaoh Thutmose III defeats the King of Kadesh at the Battle of Megiddo. [118.9]
July 19, 1321 BCE
- Origin of Era of Menophres. [1]
June 11, 1184 BCE
- Greeks finally capture Troy, sacking and burning it. [1] [5]
June 4, 780 BCE
- First total solar eclipse reliably recorded by Chinese. [1]
June 15, 763 BCE
- Assyrians record total solar eclipse event on clay tablet. [1]
April 21, 753 BCE
- Traditional date of the foundation of Rome. [1] [129] [342.10]
February 26, 747 BCE
- Origin of Era of Nabonassar. [1]
March 19, 721 BCE
- First recorded lunar eclipse, seen in Babylon. [1]
April 22, 687 BCE
- Chinese record a meteor shower in Lyra. [1]
February 11, 660 BCE
- Traditional founding of Japan by Emperor Jimmu Tenno. [1]
About 650 BCE
- First Greek coins are struck, in the western part of Asia Minor. [474.166]
April 6, 648 BCE
- Earliest total solar eclipse; chronicled by Greeks. [1]
May 28, 585 BCE
- Thales Miletus predicts solar eclipse; Persian-Lydian battle ends. [1]
October 29, 539 BCE
- Babylon falls to Cyrus the Great of Persia. [1]
September 2, 490 BCE
- Phidippides runs first marathon, seeking aid from Sparta versus Persia. [1]
September 12, 490 BCE
- Athenians defeat second Persian invasion of Greece at Marathon. [1]
August 9, 480 BCE
- Persia defeats Spartan king Leonidas at Thermopylae. [1]
460 BCE (approximately)
- Persians begin using human portraits on coins. [388.94]
July 13, 432 BCE
- Origin of Metonic Cycle. [1]
February 15, 399 BCE
- The philosopher Socrates is sentenced to death. [1] [5]
July 18, 390 BCE
- Battle of Allia - Gauls inflict heavy casualties on Romans. [1]
May 334 BCE
- First major victory of Alexander, over the Persians. [192.74]
332 BCE
- Alexander the Great breaches the walls of Tyre, destroys much of the city, kills 8000 people, and sells 30,000 into slavery. [343.10]
October 1, 331 BCE
- Alexander the Great of Macedon defeats Persian army at Gaugamela. [1]
November 12, 324 BCE
- Origin of Era of Alexander. [1]
June 13, 323 BCE
- Alexander the Great dies of fever after a feast in Babylon, age 32. [1] (June 10 [5] [192.71]) (June 11 [5])
October 2, 322 BCE
- Aristotle dies of indigestion. [1] (March 7 [5])
September 1, 312 BCE
- Origin of Greek Era - Start of Indiction of Constantinople. [1]
April 3, 309 BCE
- Origin of Seleucid Era. [1]
About 269 BCE
- First coins struck in Rome, of copper. [501.144]
April 3, 245 BCE
- Origin of Era of Arsaces. [1]
March 10, 241 BCE
- Battle of Aegusa: Roman fleet sinks 50 Carthagean ships. [1]
June 19, 240 BCE
- Eratosthenes estimates circumference of Earth. [1]
March 30, 239 BCE
- First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1]
June 5, 221 BCE
- Chu Yuan, China's poet, drowns. [1]
November 24, 166 BCE
- Origin of Era of Maccabees. [1]
October 19, 125 BCE
- Origin of Era of Tyre. [1]
October 1, 110 BCE
- Origin of Sidonian Era. [1]
February 22, 57 BCE
- Origin of Vikrama Samvat Era (India). [1]
August 26, 55 BCE
- Roman forces under Julius Cæsar invade Britain. [1]
June 9, 53 BCE
- Parthians defeat Romans at Battle of Carrhae, killing general Marcus Licinius Crassus. [118.9]
January 10, 49 BCE
- Julius Cesar crosses the Rubicon, invades Italy. [1]
January 1, 45 BCE
- Origin of Julian Era; Julian calendar begins. [1]
February 5, 45 BCE
- Cato, Roman patriot and philosopher, commits suicide. [1]
March 15, 44 BCE
- Gaius Julius Caesar is assassinated by Roman Senate in the Portico of the Theater of Pompey. [1] [325.10] [408.113]
December 7, 43 BCE
- Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman writer, gets his head and right hand chopped off by Mark Antony's soldiers. [1] [5]
January 1, 38 BCE
- Origin of Era of Spain (Cesars). [1]
December 7, 36 BCE
- Earliest known Mayan inscription, Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo. [1]
August 30, 31 BCE
- Origin of Era of Augustus. [1]
September 2, 31 BCE
- Battle of Actium; Octavian defeats Antony, becomes Emperor Augustus. [1]
January 1, 30 BCE
- Origin of Actian Era. [1]
August 12, 30 BCE
- Cleopatra, seventh and most famous queen of Egypt, commits suicide. [1] [5]
August 27, 26 BCE
- Origin of Egyptian Era. [1]
August 19, 14 BCE
- Octavian [Augustus], Roman general, dies at age 48. [1]
May 22, 12 BCE
- A daytime meteor shower, possibly Zeta Perseid observed in China. [1]
November 27, 8 BCE
- Horace, Latin poet and satirist, dies. [1] [5]
January 1, 1 BCE
- Origin of Era of Pisa. [1]
March 1, 1 BCE
- Start of revised Julian calendar in Rome. [1]
17
- January 2
- Publius Ovidius Naso Roman poet, dies. [1]
29
- August 29
- John the Baptist beheaded (Note: Actual date is questionable). [1]
30
- April 7
- Jesus Christ crucified by Roman troops in Jerusalem (scholars' estimate, according to astronomer Schaefer). [1]
33
- April 3
- Jesus Christ crucified (according to astronomer Humphreys and Waddington). [1]
34
- April 23
- Jesus Christ crucified (according to Isaac Newton). [1]
37
- March 16
- Tiberius Claudius Nero, emperor of Rome (14-37), dies at age 77. [1]
41
- January 24
- Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula), Roman emperor (37-41), assassinated at age 28. [1]
54
- October 13
- Claudius, Roman Emperor, dies. [1]
- Prince L Rwagasore of Burundi, murdered; Hero of the Nation Day. [1]
64
- July 18
- Great Fire of Rome begins. [1]
66
- January 26
- Fifth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1]
68
- June 9
- Nero, Roman Emperor, commits suicide. [1]
69
- January 1
- Roman garrison of Mainz uprising. [1]
- January 2
- Roman Lower Rhine army proclaims its commander, Aulus Vitellius, emperor. [1] [354.11]
- January 10
- Roman emperor Galba adopts Marcus Piso Licinianus as Cæsar. [1]
- January 15
- Servius Sulpicius Galba, 6th emperor of Rome (68-69), killed by Praetorian guard in the Forum Rome, at age 70. Lucius Calpurnius Piso is also murdered at the Forum. [1] [354.11]
- April 15
- Battle at Bedriacum, North-Italy; Aulus Vitellius defeated. [1] [354.11]
- April 17
- Roman emperor Marcus Salvius Otto commits suicide. [354.11]
- June 29
- July 1
- Roman general Titus Flavius Vespasianus is proclaimed emperor. [354.11]
- September 1
- Traditional date of the destruction of Jerusalem. [1]
- December 20
- Aulus Vitellius Roman, commandant of Rhine and seventh emperor of Rome, murdered. [1]
- General Vespasianus occupies Rome. [1]
70
- May 31
- Rome captures first wall of the city of Jerusalem. [1]
78
- March 3
- Origin of Saka Era (India). [1]
79
- June 24
- Death of Roman emperor Titus Flavius Vespasianus. [354.11]
- August 24
- Mount Vesuvius erupts, burying the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae in volcanic ash. [1] [5]
- Pliny the Elder dies. [5]
- November 1
- Pompei buried by Mount Vesuvius. [1]
89
- January 1
- Governor Lucius Antonius Saturninus of Germany becomes emperor of Rome. [1]
98
- January 27
- Marius Cocceius Nerva, Emperor of Rome (96-98), dies at about age 67. [1]
122
- September 13
- Building begins on Hadrian's Wall. [1]
141
- March 20
- Sixth predicted perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1]
143
- May 21
- Earliest known date in America - pre Mayan king Harvest - Bergvorst installed. [1]
155
- February 23
- Polycarp, disciple of Apostle John, arrested and burned at stake. [1]
161
- March 7
- Antoninus Pius [Titus Aurelius], emperor of Rome (138-61), dies at age 74. [1]
180
- March 17
- Antonius Marcus Aurelius [Marcus Verus], Emperor of Rome, dies at age 58. [1]
185
- December 7
- Emperor Lo-Yang, China sees supernova (MSH15-52?). [1]
192
- December 31
- Lucius Aurelius Commodus, Emperor of Rome (180-192), murdered at age 31. [1]
193
- March 28
- Publius Helvius Pertinax, Roman Emperor (192-93), assassinated. [1]
- Rule of Emperor Didianus Julianus of Rome begins. [392.22]
- April 14
- Lucius Septimus Severus crowned emperor of Rome. [1]
- June 1
- (or June 2) Rule of Emperor Didianus Julianus of Rome ends. [392.22]
197
- February 19
- D Clodius Septimus Albinus, Roman bequest in England, dies in battle. [1]
- Lucius Septimius Severus' army beats Clodius Albinus at Lyon. [1]
211
- February 4
- Lucius Septimus Severus, emperor of Rome (193-211), dies at age 64. [1]
217
- April 8
- Caracalla [Marcus Aurelius Antoniius], Roman emperor (198-217), murdered at age 29. [1]
218
- May 17
- Seventh recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1]
222
- March 11
- Varius A Bassianus, Syrian emperor of Rome (218-222), murdered at age 18?. [1]
230
- July 21
- Saint Pontianus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
235
- March 18
- Marcus Aurelius Alexander, Syrian emperor of Rome (222-235), murdered. [1]
- September 29
- Saint Pontianus ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
- November 21
- Saint Anterus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
236
- January 3
- Saint Anterus ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
- January 10
- Saint Fabian begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
238
- May 10
- Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus the Thracian, Roman Emperor, murdered. [1]
250
- January 20
- Saint Fabian dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope (236-50). [1]
253
- June 25
- Saint Lucius I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
254
- March 5
- Saint Lucius I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
- May 12
- Saint Stephan I replaces Lucius I as Catholic Pope. [1]
257
- August 2
- Saint Stephen I ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
- August 30
- Saint Sixtus II begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
258
- August 6
- Saint Sixtus II ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
260
- July 22
- Saint Dionysius begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
268
- December 26
- Saint Dionysius dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
269
- January 3
- Saint Felix I begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
274
- December 30
- Saint Felix I dies, ending his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
275
- January 4
- Saint Eutychian begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
283
- December 7
- Saint Eutychian ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
- December 17
- Saint Gaius begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
284
- August 29
- Origin of Era of Diocletian (Martyrs). [1]
293
- March 1
- Roman emperor Maximianus introduces tetrarchy. [1]
295
- April 20
- Eighth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. [1]
- November 12
- Origin of Era of Ascension. [1]
296
- April 22
- Saint Gaius ends his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
- June 30
- Saint Marcellinus begins his reign as Catholic Pope. [1]
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